U.S. Federal Government (CMS)
Healthcare.gov Launch Disaster
Estimated impact: $1.7B+ wasted; massive political damage; delayed healthcare coverage for millions
The launch of Healthcare.gov on October 1, 2013 was a catastrophic technical failure. The site crashed almost immediately, with only 6 people successfully enrolling on day one out of 250,000 who attempted. The project cost over $1.7 billion, involved 55 contractors with no single integrator, and ignored repeated warnings from engineers that the system was not ready. Planning fallacy led to unrealistic timelines, authority bias caused political leaders to overrule technical concerns, and groupthink among officials prevented honest assessment of readiness.
Decision context
Whether to launch the healthcare exchange website on the mandated October 1 deadline despite internal testing showing critical failures, or delay the launch and face political consequences.
Biases present in the decision
Toxic combinations
- The Blind Sprint
- The Yes Committee
Reference class base rates
Across all 146 curated case studies in our library:
Lessons learned
- Planning fallacy in government IT projects is endemic — the GAO found that 94% of large federal IT projects are over budget, behind schedule, or both.
- Authority bias caused political leadership to override technical warnings about system readiness, treating the launch date as immovable.
- The lack of a single system integrator across 55 contractors created diffusion of responsibility — no one owned the overall outcome.
Source: GAO Report GAO-14-694 (2014); Office of Inspector General Report OEI-06-14-00350; U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce hearing transcripts (October 2013) (Post Mortem)
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