Air France
Air France Flight 447 Crash
Estimated impact: 228 lives; €2.9B in litigation
Air France Flight 447 crashed into the Atlantic en route from Rio to Paris, killing 228 people. Pitot tube icing caused unreliable airspeed readings, and the pilots responded with a sustained nose-up input that stalled the aircraft. Despite stall warnings, the crew never diagnosed the stall.
Decision context
Whether pilots adequately diagnosed the automation disconnect and stall condition, and whether Air France's training adequately prepared crews for manual high-altitude flying after automation failure.
Biases present in the decision
Toxic combinations
- Blind Sprint
- Echo Chamber
Reference class base rates
Across all 146 curated case studies in our library:
Lessons learned
- Anchoring to automation-era flying skills meant pilots could not revert to basic instrument scan when automation disconnected
- Availability heuristic: pilots were trained for engine failures, not high-altitude stalls — the untrained scenario was the fatal one
- CRM breakdown: the captain was resting and the two co-pilots failed to communicate their conflicting control inputs
Source: BEA Final Report on AF447 (2012); William Langewiesche, "The Human Factor," Vanity Fair (2014) (NTSB Report)
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